Chemical Name：Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy arom.; Kerosine - unspecified
CAS：64742-94-5

Hazard class		Classification	Symbol	Signal word	Hazard statement	Precautionary statement	Rationale for the classification
1	Acute toxicity （Oral）	Not classified	-	-	-	-	Its documented rat LD50 values are: 4.5 ml/kg, 13.3 ml/kg, 12.3 ml/kg (assuming that the density of the substance is 0.82 g/cm3 at 15degC (IUCLID, 2000), conversion values are 3690, 10906, and 10086 mg/kg, respectively) (EHC 20, 1982), and 7050 mg/kg bw (IUCLID, 2000). Based on these values, the substance was classified into "Not classified".
1	Acute toxicity （Dermal）	Not classified	-	-	-	-	Its documented rabbit LD50 values are: 5.0 ml/kg (assuming that the density of the substance is 0.82 g/cm3 at 15degC (IUCLID, 2000), conversion value is 4100 mg/kg)(EHC 20, 1982), which is reported in three separate studies, and > 3160 mg/kg bw (IUCLID, 2000), which is reported in two tests. Based on these values, the substance was classified into "Not classified" (Category 5 in the United Nations classification).
1	Acute toxicity （Inhalation: Gases）	Not applicable	-	-	-	-	Liquid (GHS definition)
1	Acute toxicity （Inhalation: Vapours）	Classification not possible	-	-	-	-	Its rat LC50 value (4-8h) is documented to be > 0.38 mg/L (> 66 ppm) (EHC 20, 1982). Its saturated vapour pressure concentration is approximately 69 to 1579 ppm (calculated based on its vapour pressure of 0.07-1.6 hPa at 20degC (IUCLID, 2000)). Since the LC50 value is less than 90% of the saturated vapour pressure concentration, it is assumed that the test was carried out in a vapour state with almost no included mists, and categorization was conducted using ppmV concentration criteria. As a result, we were unable to categorize the substance with its LC50 value (4-8h) of > 0.38 mg/L (> 66 ppm). Thus, it was classified into "Classification not possible".
1	Acute toxicity （Inhalation: Dusts and mists）	Classification not possible	-	-	-	-	Its documented rat LC50 values (4h) are > 2450 ppm, > 580 ppm, and > 553 ppm. Its saturated vapour pressure concentration is approximately 69 to 1579 ppm (calculated based on its vapour pressure of 0.07-1.6 hPa at 20degC (IUCLID, 2000)). Among these LC 50 values acquired, only the value of > 2450 ppm was classified assuming that it was acquired under a mist state. However, because its molecular weight could not be specified, the unit of the LC50 could not be converted from ppm to mg/L; thus, the substance was classified into the "Classification not possible" category. Similarly, in other studies, molecular weight of the test substance cannot be determined, disenabling the comparison of the molecular weight with the saturated vapour pressure concentration. Consequently, we cannot determine if the experiment was conducted in a vapor or mist state, and thus, classification is not possible.
2	Skin corrosion/irritation	Category 2		Warning	H315: Causes skin irritation	P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water. P332+P313: If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling. P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P321: Specific treatment （see ... on this label）. P362: Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.	In two human studies (GLP-compliant), in which 26 people were applied with this substance on the upper-arm skin under sealed conditions for 2.5 days, the substance was found to be not irritating (IUCLID, 2000). However, it is documented in a clinical study that the more aromatic solvents, in particular, can cause a significant degree of primary skin irritation (EHC 20, 1982). Seven rabbit tests documented include three tests by EHC 20 (1982); one of them found the substance moderately irritating with Draize score of 2.79 (equivalent to Category 2), while two other tests also found the substance moderately irritating with Draize scores of 2.04 and 2.17 (both scores are equivalent to "Not classified" category. They are also equivalent to Category 3 in the United Nations classification). In addition, four tests (GLP-compliant) by the IUCLID (2000) found that the substance is moderately irritating in two tests, and slightly irritating in two other tests. Based on these results, the substance was classified into Category 2 for conservative estimate.
3	Serious eye damage/eye irritation	Category 2		Warning	H319: Causes serious eye irritation	P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P337+P313: If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling. P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.	Of four rabbit tests documented, three tests by EHC 20 (1982) found the substance moderately irritating, and one test by the IUCLID (2000) found it slightly irritating. Based on these results, the substance was classified into Category 2. Due to lack of information on eye recovery, refined categorization was not attempted.
4	Respiratory sensitization	Classification not possible	-	-	-	-	No data available.
4	Skin sensitization	Classification not possible	-	-	-	-	Human patch tests (GLP-compliant) found the substance not sensitizing (IUCLID, 2000). Similarly, maximization tests (GLP-compliant) using guinea pigs also found the substance not irritating (IUCLID, 2000). These results indicate that the substance is to be rated as "Not classified". However, since these results were obtained using List 2 datasets, the substance was classified into "Classification not possible".
5	Germ cell mutagenicity	Not classified	-	-	-	-	Micronucleus tests using mouse bone marrow (GLP-compliant) gave negative results (IUCLID, 2000); thus, the substance was classified into "Not classified". With regard to in vitro tests, Ames tests gave negative results (EHC 20, 1982; IUCLID, 2000) while cytogenetic tests yielded positive results (EHC 20, 1982).
6	Carcinogenicity	Not classified	-	-	-	-	In 12-month inhalation tests using Wister strain rats, mammary adenocarcinoma was detected in female rats applied with 1.83 mg/L for 6 months, glioblastoma in the brain was detected in male rats applied with 0.47 mg/L for 12 months, splenic lymphoma was found in male rats applied with 1.83 mg/L, and leiomyoma of the uterus was found in female rats applied with 1.83 mg/L (IARC 47, 1989). Despite these results, the IARC documented that the study was of insufficient duration to allow an evaluation of carcinogenicity, and petroleum solvents as a whole is classified into Group 3 (equivalent to "Not classified" category) (IARC 47, 1989). Based on these results, the substance was classified into "Not classified" in accordance with the IARC's evaluation.
7	Reproductive toxicity	Classification not possible	-	-	-	-	In inhalation tests using rats (GLP tests), no effects of administration were observed on parental animals as well as offspring in terms of induction of teratogenicity, changes in sex ratio, embryotoxicity, and inhibition of fetal development at the doses of 106 or 364 ppm (EHC 20, 1982; IUCLID, 2000). In addition, in oral administration tests using rats (GLP tests), no effects of administration on fetuses were detected, while notable decrease in body weight gain or food intake was detected in parental animals, at the highest dose of 450 mg/kg bw (IUCLID, 2000). However, since the tests did not provide the effects on fertility in parents, the substance was classified into the "Classification not possible" category.
8	Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure	Category 3 （Respiratory tract irritation, Narcotic effects）		Warning	H335: May cause respiratory irritation (respiratory tract irritation, narcotic effects) H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness (respiratory tract irritation, narcotic effects)	P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. P403+P233: Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P312: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. P405: Store locked up. P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...	In 8-hour inhalation tests using rats, nasal and ocular irritation, and progressive loss of coordination were observed (IARC 47, 1989). In dermal administration tests using rabbits, drowsiness and changes in motor activity were detected (RTECS, 2006; original literature: National Technical Information Service. OTS0534724). According to a description in Patty 5th (2001), regarding acute toxicity through oral, dermal or inhalation route, the substance is associated with eye, nasal or throat irritation, vertigo and nausea, dyspnea, CNS depression, and coma. Based on these results, the substance was classified into Category 3 (respiratory tract irritation and narcotic effects).
9	Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure	Classification not possible	-	-	-	-	In 13-week inhalation exposure tests using rats, dogs or cats, no severe toxic effects were detected in any of the species at the dose of 0.38 mg/L (EHC 20, 1982; IARC 47, 1989). In addition, in 13-week inhalation exposure tests using rats, notable functional disorder of the organs was not detected other than an increase in organ weight (liver and kidney) and low-grade anemia at the doses (1.8, 3.7, and 7.4 mg/L) that are above the upper limit of guidance values (IARC 47, 1989). Based on these results, the substance was classified into "Not classified" for inhalation route. In 13-week oral administration tests using rats, effects of the administration on the liver, stomach, thyroid gland or bladder were detected (IUCLID, 2000). However, since the tests were conducted using doses (300, 600, and 1000 mg/kg bw /day) that were above the upper limit of guidance values, classification was not possible. As relevant notes, Patty 5th (2001) reported, with regard to the signs of chronic toxicity, that depending on the amount of benzene content, depression of the central nervous system and mild to severe changes in the hematopoietic system may occur.
10	Aspiration hazard	Classification not possible	-	-	-	-	In aspiration and mortality studies using rats, a half of test animals died (5 out of 10 rats) (EHC 20, 1982). In addition, the substance, at 10% concentration or higher, is categorized into EU Phrase R65 by the EU. However, due to insufficient data available, the substance was classified into "Classification not possible".

Hazard class		Classification	Symbol	Signal word	Hazard statement	Precautionary statement	Rationale for the classification
11	Hazardous to the aquatic environment （Acute）	Category 1		Warning	H400: Very toxic to aquatic life	P273: Avoid release to the environment. P391: Collect spillage. P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...	Since its 48h EC50 = 0.95 mg/L for crustaceans (Daphnia magna) (IUCLID 2000), the substance was classified into Category 1.
11	Hazardous to the aquatic environment （Long-term）	Category 1		Warning	H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects	P273: Avoid release to the environment. P391: Collect spillage. P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...	Since its classification for acute toxicity is Category 1, and there are no data indicating that the substance is rapidly degradable, it was classified into Category 1.